Towards sustainable production of bio-based lactic acid via a bio-based technical route: Recent developments and the use of palm kernel cakes in the bioconversion

The continued reliance on non-renewable fossil resources has led to serious environmental issues. In light of these concerns, the transition from sources more sustainable ones have been explored, as exemplified by production bio-based lactic acid via lignocellulosic biomass bio-refinery process. Malaysia, second-largest producer palm oil in world, generates abundant, cheap, and underutilized form kernel cakes. Comprised 50% fermentable hexose sugars, cakes emerged an interesting feedstock substitute fine chemicals, e.g., acid. This paper focuses current work based selected literature published 21st century exploitation a novel processes after addressing global demand potential commodity applications It then discusses research acid-producing microorganisms, with particular attention bacteria, different pretreatment methods for carbohydrate recovery also highlights biomass, especially cakes, promising that contributes sugar platforms value-added products, biofuel, bioenergy, ethanol, acids, chemicals.